Hi... Today we seen some information regarding genomic code cracking that is atomic level gene decoding results that is revealed.Freinds Dr. Paul F. Agris, professor of biochemistry at NC State, and academic colleagues from England and Poland show clear evidence for 1966 “Wobble Hypothesis” offered by Francis Crick who was the co-founder of the DNA molecule and its double-helix structure, and Dr. Agris’ own “Modified Wobble Hypothesis” posed in 1991.

The scientists used x-ray crystallography of the cell’s protein-manufacturing unit, the ribosome, to provide a visual snapshot of the decoding process.

This research is published in the December 2004 edition of Nature Structural and Molecular Biology.

The Wobble Hypothesis was Crick’s attempt to make sense of how the cell decodes the genetic information of DNA – the molecule that constitutes all the genetic information in a cell – and then, from that information the biologically active proteins comes to an existence, Dr. Agris results.

The term DNA has 61 three-letter codes that are translated by transfer RNA (tRNA) into amino acids; also proteins are made of amino acids. But the facts is that there are only 20 natural amino acids. Squaring the disparity between the number of codes and the number of amino acids – there are three times as many codes as there are amino acids – became a hurdle for Crick and other early geneticists, Dr. Agris explanation.

Also Crick attempted to clear this hurdle with the Wobble Hypothesis. He based this theory on the first report of a tRNA molecule’s chemical structure discovered by Robert Holley in 1963. Normally, RNA molecules are composed of four nucleosides: adenosine, guanosine, cytosine and uridine (A,G,C,U). But the tRNA molecule which Holley studied included a modified nucleoside called inosine (I), Dr. Agris says. By seeing this inosine in an important area of the tRNA molecule – an area that read the three-letter DNA codes when the cell synthesizes proteins – led Crick to believe that a single tRNA used inosine to read more than one code, and that therefore the 61 codes were decoded by fewer than 61 tRNAs.

Example, Dr. Agris used the amino acid alanine, which has four codes. Crick’s hypothesis would allow that only the two tRNA molecules could be capable to decode all four alanine codes.By using the modified nucleoside I in place of A, G, C or U, one tRNA may be able to read three codes, effectively “wobbling” the reading.

Twenty-five years after the Wobble Hypothesis, Dr. Agris proposed his Modified Wobble Hypothesis. It stated that modified nucleosides other than inosine would in some cases expand tRNAs ability to translate codes by wobbling to greater numbers of three-letter codes, whereas other modified nucleosides would restrict the wobble to only one or two codes.

According to the recent paper,Dr. Agris and colleagues already proved that Agris’ alteration to Crick’s hypothesis was correct: Cellular modification of tRNA alters chemistry and also structure in a manner critical for tRNA to decode more than one three-letter code.

And by using atomic-level resolution – in which researchers can distinguish atom from atom – and working with a tRNA specific for the amino acid lysine,Dr. Agris and his colleagues show modified nucleosides enabling tRNA to decode genomic information on the ribosome, the cell’s protein synthesis machinery.

Thus Specifically, it shows modifications enabling the decoding of two codes. One modification acts like a platform on which decoding takes place, and the other allows a novel chemical and physical interaction to occur between tRNA and the code,Dr. Agris said.

“This is the first visualization that modifications are critical for decoding the genome through wobble,” Said by Dr. Agris.

Dr. Agris says that 15 to 20 percent of tRNAs in all organisms require modified chemistries in order for codes to be properly read and protein synthesis to be successful.

“An understanding of how modified nucleosides enable and improve wobble recognition of the three-letter codes for protein synthesis opens the possibility of using modified nucleosides to expand the cells’ use of tRNA to make new proteins, or in new ways to target the protein synthesis machinery in pathogens,” Said by Dr. Agris.

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During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. This process is similar in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. One notable difference, however, is that prokaryotic RNA polymerase associates with mRNA processing enzymes during transcription so that processing can proceed quickly after the start of transcription. The short-lived, unprocessed or partially processed, product is termed pre-mRNA; once completely processed, it is termed mature mRNA.
Messenger ribonucleic acid, commonly called messenger RNA or mRNA, is an RNA molecule that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for the synthesis of a protein. Messenger RNA contains a copy of the genetic data contained on a strand of DNA. Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (ribosomal RNA or rRNA) helps to form the ribosome itself.
Same like messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA does not transmit genetic information. Instead of this it combines with proteins to create a structure that systematically transforms mRNA into proteins.

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A atom of RNA that serves as a arrangement for protein synthesis. mRNA is transcribed from a gene and again translated by ribosomes in adjustment to accomplish a protein. Each set of three bases, alleged codons, specifies a assertive protein in the arrangement of amino acids that comprise the protein. The arrangement of a fiber of mRNA is based on the arrangement of a commutual fiber of DNA.

Messenger RNA comes in a advanced ambit of sizes absorption the admeasurement of the polypeptide it encodes. Best beef aftermath baby amounts of bags of altered mRNA molecules, anniversary to be translated into a peptide bare by the cell.

Many mRNAs are accepted to best cells, encoding "housekeeping" proteins bare by all beef (e.g. the enzymes of glycolysis). Other mRNAs are specific for alone assertive types of cells. These encode proteins bare for the action of that accurate corpuscle (e.g., the mRNA for claret in the precursors of red claret cells).

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